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Indigenas Panares y Makiritare del Edo. Amazonas

ENGLISH: Many aspects of the Venezuelan indigenous groups are similar, especially among those that exist within the same territories. The tribes naturally develop customs and characteristics that are dependent on the land on which they live, hence the striking resemblance of those that live within the same region, which is the case of the Panare and...

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Indigenas Panares y Makiritare del Edo. Amazonas

ENGLISH: Many aspects of the Venezuelan indigenous groups are similar, especially among those that exist within the same territories. The tribes naturally develop customs and characteristics that are dependent on the land on which they live, hence the striking resemblance of those that live within the same region, which is the case of the Panare and the Makiritare, who share a region located in the Amazon called Estado Amazonas.

The Panare live in the diverse area to the south of Caicara del Orinoco that contains both flatland and mountainous terrain, and they therefore have an economy that is based primarily on the exploitation of their diverse ecological surroundings. The tiny tribal farms are located in the forests that also contain a wide variety of wild fruits, good hunting, organic construction material, and artisanal products as well. The rivers of the region constitute a veritable fountain of protein for the Panare, especially during the dry season. They live in communal dwellings called "Pereká" which are built on sloped surfaces using a method called "hecho en tierra," which, instead of using adobe to support the conical ceiling, employs various wooden bars that fold from the circumference of the cone up towards the center. Each residence lodges some 40 people that are distributed in one or two living areas, around which are placed the different workshops and kitchens.

Woven products have multiple functions in these communities and are made by the men in both of these tribes. They employ cross weaving and twisting to elaborate sebucanes and manares (two types of traditional Venezuelan baskets), baskets with lids, large baskets, and particularly aesthetic baskets, for which they use vegetal colors that produce exquisite reds and maroons.

The Makiritare are located primarily along the Ventuari, Cunucuma, Padamo, and Cuntinamo rivers of the same Amazon region as the Panare. They are experts in navigating through the jungle by river and while they are usually known as "Makiritare" which means, "people of the river," they also refer to themselves as the "Ye'Kwana" which means "people of the canoes." Although they take residence in communal dwellings like the Panare, the structures are very different. Using an approach that employs ample conical ceilings with diameters of 30 meters, the enormous residences are virtually flawless and make a powerful presentation of elegance and purity. Lodging 60 to 120 people, the quality of construction is unmatched among the indigenous of Venezuela.

Around the dwellings are vacant circles free of construction called "jöroros," areas that are used for parties and dances and also for women to gather and chat. The Makiritare construct the working areas apart from these areas of the community, making houses where the women prepare "casabe" and the men make hunting and fishing gear. In addition, the men also work with artisanal woven products. Although these activities are accessible for the whole community to learn and perform, the serious manufacturing of these items are concentrated on a few members of the group who organize the overall production of the goods. Like the Panare, the men produce the products that are to be sold while the women concentrate on those that are for internal use.

Both the Panare and the Makiritare utilize zoomorphic designs in the elaboration of their products, with some 30 different styles that have been passed down from their ancestors.

ESPAÑOL:Muchos aspectos de los grupos indígenas venezolanos son muy parecidos, sobre todo entre aquellos que han desarrollado sus costumbres y formas de vida dentro de territorios con características similares, tal es el caso de Los Panares y Los Ye'kwanas. Ambos grupos étnicos habitan en el Estado Amazonas.

Del grupo Panare podemos encontrar que habitan específicamente en los llanos y serranías ubicadas al sur de Caicara del Orinoco y su economía local se basa en la explotación de las distintas zonas ecológicas. Los conucos se encuentran en los bosques, y en los mismos tienen gran variedad de frutos silvestres, buena cacería, materiales orgánicos para la construcción y objetos artesanales. Los ríos constituyen una fuente de proteína muy alta para ellos, sobre todo en los periodos de sequía. Poseen viviendas comunales, llamadas Pereká, la cuales se construyen en un sitio algo inclinado y es del tipo "hecho en tierra", es decir, no tiene la pared de bahareque que sirve de apoyo a la estructura cónica del techo, en consecuencia las varas que se hincan en la circunferencia se van doblando hacia el centro.

Cada asentamiento aloja unas cuarenta personas distribuidas en una o dos casas colectivas; alrededor de ellas, varias casas-talleres y cocinas. Las funciones de los tejidos de cestería son múltiples en estas comunidades, asignadas principalmente a los varones de ambas etnias. Ellos emplean el tejido entrecruzado y el tejido por torsión para la elaboración de sebucanes y manares, cestas con tapas, abanadores, cestas de carga y especialmente guapas, para las cuales utilizan tintes de origen vegetal que les permiten realizar diseños en colores rojo y marrón.

Por otra parte, Los Ye'kwanas están ubicados específicamente a lo largo de los ríos Ventuari, Cunucuma, Padamo y Cuntinamo en el Estado Amazonas. Los Ye'kwana son muy expertos en la navegación fluvial y de allí su apodo de 'Makiritare' que significa "gente de río", Ye'kwana, en cambio, corresponde a "gente de curiara". Esta comunidad también vive en una casa comunal, pero de estructura diferente, es de techo cónico muy amplio y sin imperfecciones y además de gran empaque visual, en general es depurada y elegante. Además, puede alcanzar los 30 metros de diámetro y alojar de 60 á 120 personas, su calidad de construcción es superior a la de los otros grupos.

Alrededor de la churuata hay otro círculo libre y sin construcción; es el jöroro que sirve para la reunión de las mujeres y para las fiestas y danzas. Apartadas, construyen casas de trabajo donde las mujeres preparan casabe, los hombres trabajan los utensilios de caza y pesca y también se dedican a otros trabajos artesanales, como la cestería, que aunque en la mayoría de los casos todos los miembros del grupo tienen la posibilidad de aprender a tejar, el ejercicio de la técnica se concentra de un modo especial en algunos miembros de la comunidad, siguiendo un patrón tradicional de organización de la producción de estos bienes. Ocurre algo similar en la división del trabajo por sexo, que al igual que los Panares es típicamente masculina puesto que las mujeres elaboran cestas para su uso exclusivo.

Los Ye'kwanas como los Panares utilizan diseños zoomorfos, aprendidos por tradición oral, que suman aproximadamente treinta variedades.

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